The LCA findings bore favorable results for the titanate alternative, while the risk assessment showed significant cause for concern regarding contamination of fish and drinking water within the study area. The risk assessment studied emissions from specific release sites and provided significant data on the environmental and human health impacts of Cr (VI) emissions. Source reduction involved conducting a cradle-to-grave Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) comparison of hexavalent chromium and titanate, a titanium-based alternative to chromium in metal manufacturing. The first section of this study examined source reduction of chromium emissions, while a site risk assessment was conducted in the second section. In contrast, the toxicity of trivalent chromium is very low, attributed to poor membrane permeability and little biomagnification. This project set out to: 1) identify and analyze a possible pathway to significantly reduce the use and pollution of hexavalent chromium in South Carolina and 2) provide a risk assessment of specific emission sites in the Charleston metropolitan area. Chromium, especially hexavalent chromium, is highly toxic to fish because it is easily absorbed across the gills, readily enters blood circulation, crosses cell membranes and bioconcentrates up the food chain. Although there have been several studies published over the past two decades on the adverse effects of inhaling and ingesting Cr (VI), it is still readily used and emitted by various industries. Hexavalent chromium is a commonly used industrial anti-corrosive that is carcinogenic and toxic to humans and the environment. In recent years, hexavalent chromium Cr (VI)has been widely used in the electrochemical industry, posing potential threat to aquatic animals The objective of this study was to investigate the toxic effects of waterborne Cr (VI) on hematology, digestive enzyme, redox state, and apoptosis in Cyprinus carpio.In this study, 300 C.
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